Skip to content

Category: Scholarly Publishing

Published on

On August 25, 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) published a memorandum that updated guidance on research funded by federal grants and called for the end of a 12-month embargo period. By 2025, published research that is funded by the federal government must be made available to the general public and key stakeholders and must no longer reside behind a paywall. Government agencies, academic libraries, and other research institutions are in the process of understanding this memo and updating their policies. Many institutions believe this new memo and guidance will radically change the academic publishing landscape. While this policy will likely advance a cultural shift towards open sciences, there are also likely new challenges related to the publication lifecycle that researchers are likely to encounter. In this post, we’ll provide a detailed explanation of the OSTP’s guidance, how this will impact researchers, and offer library resources to help prepare for the change. 

The memorandum entitled ‘Ensuring Free, Immediate, and Equitable Access to Federally Funded Research’ (also known as the Nelson memo), lists three recommendations for federal agencies:

  1. “Update their public access policies as soon as possible, and no later than December 31st, 2025, to make publications and their supporting data resulting from federally funded research publicly accessible without an embargo on their free and public release;
  2. Establish transparent procedures that ensure scientific and research integrity is maintained in public access policies; and, 
  3. Coordinate with OSTP to ensure equitable delivery of federally funded research results and data.” (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2022, p. 1)

Dr. Alondra Nelson, Deputy Assistant to the President, explained later in the memo that “The insights of new and cutting-edge research stemming from the support of federal agencies should be immediately available–not just in moments of crisis, but in every moment. Not only to fight a pandemic, but to advance all areas of study, including urgent issues such as cancer, clean energy, economic disparities, and climate change” (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2022, p. 2-3). Under the OSTP’s new guidance, researchers, journalists, members of the public, and other interested parties will be able to access new research as soon as it is published at no additional cost. This will provide the public with the opportunity to learn more about new innovations and experiments and it will allow other researchers to replicate or expand on existing research. 

The new guidance will allow for more collaboration as researchers combat complex topics such as climate change, future pandemics, and other global concerns. New research and data will be made freely available to the public, so researchers and institutions will need to address how to handle publication processing fees. While this new guidance won’t go into effect until 2025 and there are still questions about how specifically it will alter existing public access policies at government agencies like the NIH, the staff at Himmelfarb are here to assist researchers who may have questions about how the OSTP memo will impact their work. 

The Scholarly Communication Committee tutorial ‘How to include Article Processing Charges (APCs) in Funding Proposals’ is a great place to learn more about budgeting for article processing charges when creating a grant proposal. ‘Open Access and Your Research’ examines the different open access models and the consequences it has on your research. And if you’re unsure of how to find article processing charges, the tutorial ‘Locating Article Processing Charges (APCs)’ offers guidance on locating this information on a publisher’s website.  If you have specific questions about this new memo and would like to speak directly with a librarian,  please contact the library via phone, email, or chat. 

References:

Office of Science and Technology Policy. (2022). Ensuring Free, Immediate, and Equitable Access to Federally Funded Research. Author. 

Published on

With the 2023 NIH Data Management and Sharing Policy going into effect on January 25, 2023, there’s no better time to explore data management resources! This post explores resources that can help you with your data management needs.

What is data management? 

Data management involves the process of collecting or producing, cleaning and analyzing, preserving, and sharing data from a research project. Data management takes place throughout the entire research life cycle, from deciding on consistent file naming conventions to depositing the data in a repository for long-term archiving. 

Why Data Management?

Data management is vital for transparency (showing your work promotes reproducibility of work), compliance (funding organizations and journals often require making data available), and personal and organizational benefit (using data within your own lab is easier with proper management).

I Think It’s FAIR to Say…

Understanding data management best practices is important to make well-informed decisions when selecting data management resources and tools. The FAIR Principles, first published in 2016, provide a set of guidelines for data management. FAIR stands for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. You can learn more about the FAIR Principles on our Data Management Guide. Another great resource to help guide your data management is Cornell University’s Research Data Management Service Group’s Comprehensive Data Management Planning and Services Best Practices which provides extensive information related to best practices for: 

Broad Data Management Resources

Himmelfarb’s Data Management Guide provides a wealth of information and resources related to data management. In addition to some basic information about data management, you’ll find information about NIH and NSF funder requirements. Data management plans (DMPs) are also covered in detail. The documentation and metadata page explains what metadata is, what should be included in your metadata, metadata schemas, controlled vocabularies, file naming conventions, and electronic lab notebooks. The data storage and security page includes data storage, storage formats, creating a backup plan, and data security. You’ll also learn about data sharing, including GW’s policy on regulated information, and data repositories.

I might need to make a plan for this… 

Creating a data management plan (DMP) is often part of the grant writing process required by funding institutions. A comprehensive data management plan should address:

  • Data Collection: Must be reliable and valid.
  • Data Storage: Appropriate amount of data so research can be reproduced.
  • Data Analysis: Interpretation of data from which conclusions can be derived.
  • Data Protection: Ensuring sensitive data is safe and secure, preventing tampering or loss of data.
  • Data Ownership: Addresses legal rights associated with data.
  • Data Retention: Addresses how long data should be kept and proper disposal of sensitive data.
  • Data Reporting: Publication of data.
  • Data Sharing: Addresses what data can be shared with others and how.

When it comes to creating a DMP, there are a number of tools available to help! The DMPTool is a free, open-source tool that helps researchers create DMPs that comply with funder requirements. DMPTool also provides links to funder websites, and best practices resources to help guide your data management efforts. Since GW is affiliated with DMPTool, GW users can create a personalized dashboard that allows them to see and organize the DMPs created through the tool. From the DMPTool’s website, simply click “sign in” and use Option 1 to search for George Washington University. Then log in with your GW UserID and password and create your data management plan! 

The Framework for Creating a Data Management Plan, created by ICPSR, is a great outline that will help you create a DMP for your grant application. The framework includes a list of elements to be included, explains why each element is important and provides examples for each element. Michener’s article Ten Simple Rules for Creating a Good Data Management Plan is another great starting point to gain an understanding of the principles and practices of creating a DMP and ensuring your data are safe and shareable. For more DMP resources and to see examples and templates, check out the Data Management Plan page of the data management guide.

What’s Next?

Stay tuned for future posts on best practices for writing a data management plan, data storage, file naming conventions, creating “readme” metadata, and other data management topics. In the meantime, check out the lists of GW resources and additional resources below to learn more!

Additional GW Resources:

Additional Data Management Resources:

Published on
Brain inflammation illustration from Alzheimer's disease image from NIH Image Gallery
Image credit National Institute on Aging, NIH: Brain Inflammation from Alzheimer’s Disease (CC BY-NC2.0)

Last month, Science published a story describing how images used in some highly cited Alzheimer’s research papers were discovered to be manipulated.1 These publications supported the amyloid beta (Aβ) hypothesis of Alzheimers which links the disease to protein deposits forming plaques in brain tissue. The research spurred drug development targeting Aβ oligomers. Many of the manipulated images were the work of a neuroscientist named Sylvain Lesné who discovered the Aβ*56 oligomer and claimed that it caused dementia in transgenic mice in a landmark Nature study published in 2006.2

The Nature paper has been cited in about 2300 scholarly articles—more than all but four other Alzheimer’s basic research reports published since 2006, according to the Web of Science database. Since then, annual NIH support for studies labeled “amyloid, oligomer, and Alzheimer’s” has risen from near zero to $287 million in 2021.

Piller, C. Blots on a field? Science 377:6604, 360 (2022).

The image manipulation was first discovered by a fellow Alzheimer’s researcher named Matthew Schrag who was hired by an attorney investigating possible fraud in the development of Simufilam, an experimental Alzheimer’s therapy. Schrag found altered or duplicated Western blot images in dozens of research articles on the drug and its underlying science, including the Nature study. He stopped short of calling the manipulations deliberate misconduct, saying he would need the original unpublished images to prove that. Shrag reported his findings to the NIH which had funded much of this research, and the journals that published the works. 

Schrag also reached out to Science Magazine, fearing that the NIH and the journals would not conduct their investigations fast enough to prevent more potentially wasted grant funding and research. Science conducted a 6 month investigation led by independent image analysts and several Alzheimer's researchers who concurred with Schrag’s findings. They describe “shockingly blatant” instances of image tampering, including piecing together images from different experiments.

More than 20 suspect Lesné papers have been identified. Lesné submitted corrected images for a few, but even those corrections have shown signs of manipulation. 13 papers including the Nature study are now under investigation by the journals they were published in. Schrag and others have been critical of Karen Ashe, the head researcher where Lesné did his initial work on Aβ*56, saying she did not do enough to ensure the integrity of the research coming out of her lab.

Journal publishers do not typically use sophisticated image analysis to determine if images have been tampered with. The Materials Design Analysis Framework was developed by several publishers in 2021 to improve data transparency and help prevent image manipulation. The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides standards for publishers to follow on data and reproducibility and how to handle allegations of misconduct, but it does not sanction members who don’t follow guidance, as outlined in this Scholarly Kitchen editorial. The new NIH Data Management and Sharing policy which goes into effect in January 2023 should improve access to data and original images in NIH grant funded research, encouraging further scrutiny and reproducibility.

Retraction Watch can help you identify papers that have been flagged as retracted or under investigation. Our article on Searching for Retractions outlines sources and methods for finding retracted or corrected works so flawed findings are not included in future research or systematic reviews. Schrag used PubPeer in his investigations, a discussion space where researchers can report suspected issues with publications.

You can listen to an interview with Charles Pillar, the author of the Science article, detailing the magazine’s and Schrag’s investigations on the Science Magazine July 21 podcast.

  1. Piller, C. Blots on a field? Science 377:6604, 358-363 (2022).  https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add9993
  2. Lesné, S., Koh, M., Kotilinek, L. et al. A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 440, 352–357 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04533

Published on
Cabells Logo.

Selecting a journal in which to publish your research is an important decision. With so many journals from which to choose, it can be daunting to compare journals and avoid publishing in a predatory or questionable journal, all while trying to find submission requirements, peer review information, and author guidelines to inform your decision making process. GW users now have access to Cabells Directory of Publishing Opportunities which can help you compare journals and identify predatory journals to avoid!

GW’s access to Cabells includes access to Journalytics and Predatory Reports. The Journalytics portion provides information on reputable journal titles including manuscript and submission guidelines, discipline, intended audience, peer review information, and acceptance rates. This information can help authors compare journals and make an informed decision regarding where to submit a manuscript for publication. Inclusion in Cabells Journalytics is by invitation only and criteria for inclusion can be found in the Journalytics Selection Policy.

The screenshot below is an example of the submission and review information listed for the Journal of Advanced Nursing found in Cabells Journalytics:

Screenshot of submission and review information.

Journalytics also allows you to compare up to 5 journals by selecting the titles you wish to compare, and clicking on the “Compare 5” button at the top of the search results. The screenshot below shows a side-by-side comparison of 5 emergency medicine journals:

Screenshot of journal comparisons.

The Predatory Reports portion of Cabells tracks journal titles that have been associated with predatory journal publishers based on violations of scholarly publishing standards and best practices. Cabells has established criteria for identifying deceptive, fraudulent, and/or predatory journals and provides a list of violations for each title listed in Predatory Reports. Examples of severe violations include: false qualifications or credential claims; fake ISSNs; fake, non-existent, or deceased editors; false peer review claims; publication of non-academic or pseudo-science papers; false indexing claims; lack of published articles or archives; misleading metrics; and misleading or false fee information. Cabells provides access to the complete list of Predatory Reports Criteria on their website.

The screenshot below shows an example of a list of violations from a title listed on Cabells Predatory Reports:

Screenshot of predatory violoations.

If you’d like a second opinion, or are unable to find a title you are suspicious of listed on Cabells Predatory Reports, don’t hesitate to use Himmelfarb’s Predatory Journal Check-Up Service by contacting Ruth Bueter (rbueter@gwu.edu). 

Whether you want to check to see if a journal in which you are interested in publishing could be a predatory journal, or you want more information about potential journals to which you might want to consider submitting your manuscript, Cabells Directory of Publishing Opportunities can provide you with the concise information you need all from a single, easy-to-use interface! To learn more, or if you have questions about this resource, contact Ruth Bueter (rbueter@gwu.edu). 

Published on

Whether you’re a new Himmelfarb Library user, or have been using the library for years, chances are there are things you don’t know about us. We’d like to take this opportunity to help you get to know us, or get reacquainted with us and all that we have to offer!

Getting Help is Easy! Just Ask Us!

Whether you need help finding a specific full-text article, identifying a resource for your research, formatting a citation, or have a more in-depth question about conducting a literature review, a systematic review or managing your data, our reference librarians have the knowledge and know-how to help! Stop by our reference desk, chat with us using the “Ask Us” button on our website, call us (202-994-2850), email us (himmelfarb@gwu.edu), or text us (202-601-3525) for help. We look forward to answering your questions, large or small!

Our Collections

Himmelfarb has extensive collections that include 125+ databases, 6,700+ ebooks, and 6,500+ electronic journals that are available 24/7 from on and off-campus! We also have thousands of print books in our basement level stacks that are available for check out. Most books can be borrowed for three weeks. But don’t worry - if you need more time, you can renew most items twice by stopping by or calling our Circulation Desk (202-994-2962), or logging into your library account. 

In the event that we don’t have an article or book that you need, we can get it for you through our Docs2Go (ILL) or Consortium Loan Service (CLS) programs. Check out our Borrowing From Other Libraries page to learn which option is best for you!

On-Site Access & Use

Masking is a Must!

Remember that masking is still required in the library in accordance with GW’s current mask protocols. Please wear a mask while spending time in Himmelfarb for your own safety, and for the safety of those around you. Hand sanitizer is also available throughout Himmelfarb.

Himmelfarb Tour

Take a quick virtual tour of Himmelfarb to help you get acquainted with our space! 

Study Rooms & IT Support

We have plenty of study rooms available on our second and third floors. Study rooms must be reserved and can be booked up to seven days in advance. The SMHS Technology Support Center is located on the third floor in the Bloedorn AV Study Center for all of your IT support needs.

Technology Resources

Himmelfarb’s Bloedorn Technology Center, located on our third floor, offers statistical software, including SPSS, Stata, SAS, NVivo, MATLAB, and Atlas.ti on select computers. We also have equipment such as digital camcorders and digital voice recorders for loan to support curricular development and activities, but these items must be reserved in advance.

3D Printing

Thanks to a generous grant from the GW Hospital Women’s Board, we are proud to offer free 3D printing! To learn more, check out our 3D Printing at Himmelfarb Guide.

Picture of a gray 3D printed heart.

Off-Campus Access

All of Himmelfarb’s electronic resources are available 24/7 from anywhere! Just login with your GW UserID and password, or via the GW VPN. If you have trouble accessing any of our resources, reach out to us (himmelfarb@gwu.edu) so we can help troubleshoot, resolve issues and restore access as soon as possible.

Services and Support

Instruction:

We have services to help faculty and instructors use and connect Himmelfarb’s resources in the classroom. Our Durable Links Service will check, fix, or create new links to our resources that work from both on and off campus so your students will be able to access materials from anywhere. Our Course Reserves service provides access to electronic, print, and streaming course materials. Do you use a book in a course that Himmelfarb doesn’t currently own? Contact Acquisitions Librarian, Ian Roberts, and we will consider purchasing items for use in your courses.

Research Support:

Whether you are a faculty member, researcher, or student, Himmelfarb can help you be successful in your research! Are you working on your Culminating Experience project? Himmelfarb librarians provide individual consultations to help get your project started - and keep it going. 

Are you working on a systematic review and could use some support? Check out our Systematic Reviews Guide for in-depth information on the process. Himmelfarb also provides access to Covidence, an online tool that streamlines parts of the systematic review process such as screening references, and creating and populating data extraction forms. You can also use our Systematic Review Service for additional librarian support!

Check out our tutorials for help with navigating databases, using specific software such as ArcGix, MATLAB, RefWorks, SPSS, or Camtasia, and for help with a wide array of research topics. Our Resources for Early Career Researchers Guide can help new researchers understand and navigate the research and publishing landscape. Check out our Scholarly Publishing Guide for information and resources related to publishing, researcher profiles, author rights, and measuring the impact of your research. Scholarly communications webinars and short tutorials are also available on this guide!

Himmelfarb Library Can Help!

Whether you are a student, faculty, or staff member, Himmelfarb Library has the resources and knowledge to help make your studies and research successful. From study space, extensive collections of resources, to expertise in systematic reviews and publishing, we have something for everyone! 

Published on
Chemical experiment illustration by mohamed hassan on Stockvault
Image from mohamed hassan on Stockvault, CC0

Starting in January of 2023, NIH will put into effect a new Data Management and Sharing Policy for grant applications due on or after the 25th of that month. This will replace the existing policy which has been in place since 2003. The purpose of the new policy is to ensure that the data from NIH funded research is accessible and transparent, both to enable validation of research results and to make the data available for reuse. To see specifically what has changed, this NIH web page outlines the current and new policies side by side.

In order to help researchers prepare for the new policy, the NIH has a new website on data sharing. The website is meant to help researchers determine which policies apply to their projects and provide tools and resources to aid compliance. Below is a video which introduces the new website and how it can be used:

NIH will also present two webinars on the policy, starting with: 

GW’s Himmelfarb and Gelman Libraries are preparing to assist researchers with questions about compliance. At Himmelfarb, you can contact Sara Hoover (shoover@gwu.edu), Metadata and Scholarly Publishing Librarian, and Paul Levett (prlevett@gwu.edu), Reference and Instructional Librarian.  At Gelman you can contact Megan Potterbusch (mpotterbusch@gwu.edu), Data Services Librarian. 

Published on

[Photo Credit: Women of Color in Tech]

Himmelfarb Library’s Scholarly Communications Committee is pleased to announce five new short lectures have been added to our video library! This round of videos cover topics such as finding article publishing charges (APC) costs, changing citation styles in PubMed, contextualizing preprints and more. 

Locating Article Publishing Charges (APCs)- In this video, you’ll learn about Article Publishings Charges (APCs), how to find them on a publisher’s website and at the end of the tutorial, receive some tips that will help you handle APCs. 

Changing Citation Styles in PubMed- Would you like to learn how to switch from AMA to APA or MLA? This video will focus on changing citation styles when generating citations in PubMed.

Locating Manuscript Guidelines- Learn how to locate manuscript preparation guidelines and author resources for scholarly journals. This tutorial will guide you through three different journal websites to show you where manuscript guidelines are typically located. 


Finding Journals with JCR- In this tutorial, you’ll learn about the Journal Citations Report database and how it can help you discover scholarly journals where you can submit your research for publication.

APA Citations for Legal Resources-  Are you familiar with the Bluebook legal citation style? Do you want to cite case law, but are unsure of the proper citation format?This video will provide a basic introduction to this citation style used by the APA which is useful when citing legal resources.

These videos and the committee’s other videos from previous lectures are located under the ‘Scholarly Communications Video Tutorials’ tab on the Scholarly Publishing guide. The guide also includes resources to help scholars find a journal that will publish their research, tips on how to spot and avoid predatory publishers, ways to increase the visibility of your published research and more!

 The Committee is working on another set of videos that will be released during the fall semester 2022. The committee members are eager for feedback and/or suggestions for video topics. We would love to hear from you! If you have a scholarly publishing topic that you’d like the committee to discuss, please contact the committee chair, Sara Hoover, at shoover@gwu.edu.

Published on
Image of BIPOC person conducting an experiment.
Photo by RF._.studio: https://www.pexels.com/photo/teenage-student-conducting-research-in-chemical-laboratory-3825412/

A recent report compiled by Ryan Beardsley (Senior Consultant) and Gali Halevi (Director) at the Insitute for Scientific Information, explored the diversity of authorship of STEM publications and found that the ethnicity of authors in the United States has not changed significantly during the past 10 years.

It is widely acknowledged that diversity encourages innovation, improved decision-making, and improved outcomes. Reasons for the continued lack of diversity within higher education mentioned in the report included “insufficient time, funding and knowledge of best practices” (Beardsley & Halevi, 2022). 

The report aimed to accomplish the following: 

  • Identify the ethnicity of authors of research articles published in STEM disciplines
  • Identify the gaps in ethnic diversity within the published research
  • Discover participation and inclusivity trends of authorship
  • Discover and identify changes in levels of authorship among underrepresented minorities

The report tracked the ethnicity of authorship using bibliographic authors’ last names as retrieved from articles indexed in Web of Science. Articles selected for inclusion were limited to publications from U.S. institutions authored by U.S. authors. Articles published by organizations outside of the U.S. and/or with international authors were excluded from this analysis. The authors’ last names were extracted from the bibliographic data and compared to U.S. Census data. 

Since publishers don’t typically gather ethnicity or demographic data about authors, a system needed to be developed to estimate author ethnicity. Author names were not assigned to a single ethnic group. Author names were “assigned the fractional probability of the respective ethnicities” based upon the frequency of the last name being self-identified within a specific ethnic group in U.S. Census data (Beardsley & Halevi, 2022). For example, if the last name appears in Census data to have self-identified as “90% White Only, 5% Black Only, 2% Asian/Pacific Islands Only, and 3% Two or More Races,” the last name was assigned the same percentage in those same ethnicity categories (Beardsley & Halevi, 2022). 

The report selected four areas of research within STEM on which to focus: biochemistry, mathematics, medical research, and computer science. The table below displays the authorship findings for biochemistry and medical research. 

2020 Authorship Data
BiochemistryMedical Research
White Only41.90%42.00%
Asian/Pacific Island Only24.00%23.00%
Black Only5.50%5.50%
Hispanic5.20%5.10%
Native American /Alaska Native0.33%0.32%

In the discipline of biochemistry, Asian/Pacific Island Only authorship was higher than the representation in the general population. At the same time, Hispanic authorship was significantly underrepresented compared to the representation in the general population. 

In medical research, Asian/Pacific Island Only authorship (23% in 2020) was significantly higher than the representation within the general population, while all other ethnicities were underrepresented compared to the general population. White Only authorship continues to make up the largest percentage of published research but has decreased from 45% in 2010 to 42% in 2020. 

The conclusions of this report found that there has been very little change in the overall rate of authorship within specific ethnic groups over the past ten years, despite an “increasing awareness of the importance of improved diversity” (Beardsley & Halevi, 2022). The authors recommend increased mentorship, development, and education efforts in this area. They also stated a need for increased collaboration between universities, funding agencies, and publishers. For those interested in learning more, download the full report.

Are you interested in learning more about diversity in STEM? Here are some articles for further reading on this topic:

References:

Beardsley, R., & Halevi, G. (2022). Insights: Ethnic diversity in STEM in the United States.

Published on
Welcome!
Photo by Nico Smit on Unsplash

From all of us here at Himmelfarb Library, we’d like to welcome all new residents, fellows, physician assistants, and students! We are excited that you’re here and we look forward to serving you during this phase of your medical or health sciences training. We know the beginning of any journey can be daunting, so we’d like to make it easier for you to familiarize yourself with Himmelfarb Library and help you get to know us a bit.

To help you get your bearings, here’s a short, video tour of the library.

Resources for Residents & Fellows:

Himmelfarb has numerous resources to help new residents and fellows navigate this new stage of your training. Our Residents and Fellows Guide is filled with helpful information about how to access Himmelfarb’s resources from the GW Hospital and other off-campus locations. Links to our most popular clinical resources including DynaMed, ClinicalKey, Lexicomp, and PubMed are also available in this guide. The guide also provides links to specific program resources, so you can easily find resources geared towards your specialization.

NEJM Resident 360 is available! Start by creating your free personal account using your GW email address (GWemail@gwu.edu). After creating your account, access the resource through the library or directly through NEJM Resident 360. This resource contains interactive cases, videos, rotation prep materials, clinical pearls, morning reports, and more!

Do you want to use our resources from your mobile device? Check out our App Shelf to download apps to selected resources and make Himmelfarb’s resources even more easily accessible. To learn more about GW University and GW Hospital wireless access, accessing your GW email, and GW Hospital clinical systems, visit the Wireless and Clinical Systems Guide.

Himmelfarb Resources Available 24/7 from Anywhere!

Himmelfarb’s 125+ databases, 6,500+ journals, and 6,700+ ebooks are available 24/7 from anywhere! For seamless access to full-text articles available from our collection, install the LibKey Nomad browser extension. Use the Read by QxMD app and website to keep up with published research in your specialty. When accessing our resources remotely, we encourage you to use the GW VPN. You can find directions on how to install the VPN on our off-campus access page. If you need help troubleshooting an access issue, don’t hesitate to reach out to us (himmsubs@gwu.edu).

Need Research Help? 

Getting help with your research is a breeze at Himmelfarb! Our knowledgeable reference librarians are available to help answer your questions both in person at our reference desk or remotely. Our Ask a Librarian service connects you directly with our reference and research staff! Need help with a systematic review? Consider using our Systematic Review Service for help developing a search strategy, finding relevant articles, and organizing your search results. 

Tutorials, Guides, and More!

As you get settled into this new chapter of your medicine and health sciences journey, don’t forget that Himmelfarb has more to offer than just databases, journals, and books. We have a wealth of research guides that can connect you with resources on a variety of topics. Do you need help navigating the publishing landscape? Check out our Early Career Researchers, Scholarly Publishing, Predatory Publishing, and Measuring Scholarly Impact guides and our Scholarly Communications webinars and short tutorials. We also have a large selection of tutorials on a wide range of topics. 

Connect with us on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube for the latest Himmelfarb news and updates. 

We look forward to serving you! Welcome to the GW community!

Published on
Loaded dice image by Candace McDaniel on Negative Space
Image by Candace McDaniel on Negative Space

In a 1955 Science article, Eugene Garfield proposed a citation index for the sciences (Garfield, 1955). The purpose was to make it easier to see which works cited or criticized a research paper, enabling researchers to find both frequently cited works and those that had flaws. The idea was that this would root out bad research and elevate that which had merit.

The first Science Citation Index was published in 1964. The indexes quickly became a staple tool for science and social science researchers, existing in print for decades and then going online and evolving into the present day Web of Science database. Researchers and faculty members in the sciences are now very cognizant of their h-index factor, a measure of the relevancy of their published works based on citation counts (this site explains how to calculate your h-index and the difference between Google Scholar’s and WOS indexes). Similarly the Journal Impact Factor emerged as a way to calculate the relevance of a scientific journal. Publishing in a high impact factor journal means more prestige for the author and the journal impact factor is a measure that librarians frequently use to make subscription decisions.

Some publishers and researchers have figured out ways to game the system over the years. Puffing up your h-index factor can win you grants and tenure. Similarly, inflating a journal’s impact factor means it will attract top researchers who want to publish their findings in it, as well as more subscriptions and revenue.

In 2013, Nature revealed a group of Brazilian journals had arranged to cite works from each other’s publications in a citation stacking scheme (Van Noorden, 2013). Journals have also found ways to manipulate impact factors by exploiting the types of content published. A recent analysis of the British Journal of Sports Medicine which had a sudden rise in impact factor found that there was a corresponding “exponential rise” in editorials published (Heathers, 2022). Publishing a large number of small citable items, like editorials, can boost impact factors due to the way they are calculated and this worked for BJSM, making it the top ranked sports medicine journal. Publishers also game the calendar by publishing items digitally and allowing them to accumulate citations before giving them an official publication date or “front loading” by publishing more research early in the year to accumulate additional citations when the impact factor calculation is run at the end of the year.

Richard Phelps at Retraction Watch recently wrote a brief article on citation cartels. Established scholars in a field cite each other’s works in an ‘I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine’ type arrangement that is mutually beneficial. His analysis revealed how a group of ‘strategic scholars’ could boost their impact factors by three times over ‘sincere scholars’ over the course of a few years. This increases their influence and mutes the voices of others. It reinforces the old boys’ club aspect of scientific and medical research and is particularly problematic in light of diversity and equity concerns. 

The fairness and effectiveness of impact factors has been addressed by the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA). The declaration came out of the 2012 meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology in San Francisco. It is now an international initiative covering all scholarly disciplines. DORA confronts issues of consistency, transparency and equity in research assessment and calls for:

  • the need to eliminate the use of journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, in funding, appointment, and promotion considerations;
  • the need to assess research on its own merits rather than on the basis of the journal in which the research is published; and
  • the need to capitalize on the opportunities provided by online publication (such as relaxing unnecessary limits on the number of words, figures, and references in articles, and exploring new indicators of significance and impact).

You can read the entire declaration here. 

Garfield. (1955). Citation indexes for science; a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 122(3159), 108–111 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.122.3159.108

Heathers and Grimes. (2022). The Mechanics Behind A Precipitous Rise In Impact Factor: A Case Study From the British Journal of Sports Medicine. OSFPREPRINTS  https://osf.io/pt7cv/

Phelps. (2022). How Citation Cartels Give “Strategic Scholars” an Advantage.  Retraction Watch https://retractionwatch.com/2022/05/17/how-citation-cartels-give-strategic-scholars-an-advantage-a-simple-model/

Van Noorden. (2013). Brazilian Citation Scheme Outed. Nature (London), 500(7464), 510–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/500510a

Viewing Message: 1 of 1.
 Notice

This site uses cookies to offer you a better browsing experience. Visit GW’s Website Privacy Notice to learn more about how GW uses cookies.