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Author: deborah.wassertzug

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Close-up of stones at Holocaust Memorial, Berlin, Germany.
Holocaust memorial Berlin, by d.i. on Flickr

At the end of January each year, the day arrives. International Holocaust Remembrance Day is observed this Saturday, January 27.

Memory and the act of commemoration are paramount in preventing history from repeating itself. International Holocaust Remembrance Day, also known as International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, was established by the United Nations in November 2005. The day commemorates the killing, by the Nazi regime and its collaborators, of six million Jews and millions belonging to other populations. January 27 was the date chosen to commemorate this day because it was the date that the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camps were liberated by Allied forces. Other countries also commemorate the Holocaust on different days.

You may have seen the 2022 Himmelfarb Library blog post commemorating this day, which covered doctors and the Holocaust, and another post from that year, which covered the Nazi Medical Research Dilemma. This year, we will focus on evidence that experiencing the trauma of the Holocaust induced genetic and epigenetic changes that are intergenerational. Epigenetics refers to “heritable changes in phenotype which do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence” (Martin, 2014). 

In a 2014 study, the first of its kind, blood samples were collected from 80 adult offspring with at least one Holocaust survivor parent. These blood samples were correlated with maternal and paternal PTSD in the parents (Yehuda et al., 2014). Findings showed that the glucocorticoid receptor gene GR-1F was altered, but in different ways, depending on whether the subjects experienced maternal or paternal PTSD. The findings of the study indicated that both maternal and paternal PTSD impact the stress response of offspring via the process of methylation, which is a first-line biochemical process that plays a critical role in the modification of DNA (Menezo et al., 2020). 

Systematic review has also been applied to the topic of intergenerational trauma resulting from the Holocaust, Published in 2019, “Intergenerational consequences of the Holocaust on offspring mental health: a systematic review of associated factors and mechanisms”, reviewed 23 studies focused on the impact of the Holocaust on parent and child characteristics and interactions which were found to lead to the development of psychological symptoms, as well as biological and epigenetic variations (Dashorst et al., 2019).

Reviewing the evidence, the authors sought to examine: “association between parental and offspring’s mental health problems;” "perceived parenting and attachment;” “parental Holocaust history;” "additional stress and traumatic life events in Holocaust survivor offspring;” and “cortisol metabolism, epigenetic factors, and genetic predisposition” (Dashorst et al., 2019, pp. 22-23).

Assembling and reviewing this evidence, the authors suggest their findings indicate that, rather than pointing to direct observation of particular disorders in offspring, the impact of Holocaust trauma appears to result in diverse mental health problems that are influenced by characteristics of both the parents and the offspring, suggesting that treatment should be offered to both generations, as well as parenting support for traumatized parents raising children. Intergenerational effects were also found to impact cortisol levels, which regulate the body’s stress response. Holocaust survivor offspring were found to have increased vulnerability to stress.

Evidence related to Holocaust survivors and their offspring offers important guidance on biological mechanisms impacted by trauma, and on the diagnosis and treatment of, and support for, mental health conditions. However, new studies are more difficult to undertake as the generation that survived the Holocaust begins to die off.

Locally, this year’s commemoration of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, which coincides with a surge in antisemitism worldwide, will take place in DC at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on Friday, January 26 and Saturday, January 27. Events open to the public include reading of victims’ names and the option to light a memorial candle. On Friday, January 26, between 2-3:45 p.m., Holocaust survivors will be present at the museum to engage visitors about their experiences.

Consider making a trip to the Museum this year to speak with a Holocaust survivor -- the opportunity will not last forever.

Holocaust literature is widely available at GW. This research guide from Gelman Library can help guide your exploration of our collections.

Also, consider joining GW’s SMHS Anti-Racism Coalition for its upcoming discussions of the book It Could Happen Here (available to read online through Himmelfarb Library), by Jonathan Greenblatt, head of the Anti-Defamation League. The ADL was founded in 1913 "to stop the defamation of the Jewish people, and to secure justice and fair treatment to all."

SMHS Anti-Racism Coalition Book Club. Upcoming meetings: Session 2, Tues. Feb 20 at noon or Weds. Feb 21 at 6 pm (chapters 4-7). Session 3, Tues. Mar. 19 at noon or Weds. Mar. 20 at 6 pm (chapters 8-11).

International Holocaust Remembrance Day offers us all an opportunity to reflect, to learn and to consider how we can all work to prevent the conditions that fostered a climate of hate to develop into the historical events that coined the word genocide.

References

Dashorst, P., Mooren, T. M., Kleber, R. J., de Jong, P. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2019). Intergenerational consequences of the Holocaust on offspring mental health: A systematic review of associated factors and mechanisms. European journal of psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1654065. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065

Martin S. (2014). Journal Watch review of Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 62(6), 1101–1103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065114560792

Menezo, Y., Clement, P., Clement, A., & Elder, K. (2020). Methylation: An ineluctable biochemical and physiological process essential to the transmission of life. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(23), 9311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239311

Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2014). Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 872–880. https://doi.org10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121571

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Photo of a record on a record player.
Photo by Elviss Railijs Bitāns: https://www.pexels.com/photo/blue-vinyl-record-playing-on-turntable-1389429/

Music, broadly defined, is vocal, instrumental, or mechanical sounds having rhythm or harmony. While it means different things to different people, one thing is certain: life is much better with a soundtrack. Medical evidence points to music having an impact across the lifespan, from birth to old age. The members of the SMHS student group Musicians in Medicine feel this perhaps more deeply than others: as medical students and musicians, they have incorporated music into their past work, and plan to continue to weave music throughout their careers.

Musicians in Medicine co-president Spencer Bennett finds singing to be a “great creative outlet through a stressful journey through school.” He has also found that music can help mitigate the lack of sleep endemic to students in the program. As a singer, his preferred genres are R&B and pop.

Co-president Rachel Furman, a classical violinist who is learning to play pop music on the piano, is focusing on hematology/oncology in her studies. She has observed that every patient she works with listens to music, and adds, “I try to find out what kind of music they like, as a way to connect with them.”

Naiya Osiyemi, Musicians in Medicine vice-president, plays piano and guitar and sings. Her preferred genres are R&B, rock, and classical. In her high school days, Naiya played music in hospitals. She mentions that she may pursue music therapy once she is further along in her career. She is particularly interested in the link between music and the treatment of specific conditions, such as traumatic brain injury.

The social media chair for the group, Sarah Nanziri, is a singer who likes R&B and pop and likes to spread positive messages through music. She listens to music while studying, and loves its healing and grounding properties. In her former work as a medical assistant in a pediatric office, she would sing kids’ favorite songs to reduce their anxiety when receiving shots.

Members of Musicians in Medicine occasionally incorporate music into mnemonics (to remember Lynch syndrome, think about Ross Lynch), but most often, they see music as a way to ease their stress and anxiety, and they consider ways to incorporate music into their professional lives, because music can be linked to virtually any specialty. As Spencer notes, “Music is not considered to be a part of medicine. But in Brain & Behavior, the importance of therapy & support networks is emphasized. Music is great for these purposes, and it is very patient centered.” Music helps people focus, but also offers a welcome escape from reality.

Himmelfarb's Healthy Living Committee hopes to host Musicians in Medicine for a lunchtime concert after the winter break. Stay tuned!

In the meantime, take a study break with one of these medically indicated tracks!

References

Music Definition. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12/5/2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/music

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Spanish-English dictionary page showing translation for Latino
Spanish dictionary, by Abigail Luke on Flickr, shared under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license

In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month, let’s spend some time focusing on SALUD!

SALUD is a student-run organization at GW which was founded about five years ago, and is dedicated to teaching and learning Medical Spanish. During the academic year, SALUD runs regular Spanish classes for medical students at three different levels: Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced. The content of these sessions, which occur during the lunch hour, is keyed to vocabulary related to body systems students are covering in the Practice of Medicine course.

In class one day in early Fall, MS2 student instructors Emily and Giuliana ask the eight students attending the Advanced level class where they have learned their Spanish. Some speak it at home, while others have studied the language. There is a review of the vocabulary for the musculoskeletal system, after which the students partner up to practice patient interview skills. “¿Que le molesta?” (“Can you tell me what hurts?”) is one opening, whereas others might start with, “¿Necesita un intérprete?” (“Do you need an interpreter?”) Some students form groups of three, with one student acting as the interpreter. A student is curious about interpreting opportunities. While certification is required to be a medical interpreter, GW students are able to volunteer and use their language skills as patient navigators at the GW Healing Clinic, where about 80% of the clientele are Spanish-speaking.

Screenshot of slide on translating a 1-10 pain scale into Spanish
Screenshot of Advanced level Medical Spanish lesson on how to translate a 1-10 pain scale

Over in the Intermediate level classroom, students are reviewing musculoskeletal vocabulary, translating it from Spanish to English. The lesson follows the structure of a history of present illness, teaching students to seek information from patients on the location, quality, and severity of their pain, along with its duration, timing and context. The instructor points out synonyms, such as débil and tenue for weak, as well as words that have more than one meaning, like sordo, which can mean deaf, but also dull, which might describe a patient’s pain. In the Beginner classroom, a dozen students begin their exploration of the same vocabulary at a slower pace.

In addition to teaching Medical Spanish, classes aim to teach students the correct use of interpreters. SALUD also serves the Latinx community in DC through Bridge to Care, an initiative of the GW Healing Clinic. Because up to 80% of patients seeking care at the Healing Clinic are Spanish-speaking, the support of students with Spanish-speaking skills from across the MD Program, PA Program, and MPH candidates from the Milken Institute of Public Health is essential.

A few days after the first lesson of the year, I met with two of SALUD’s board members, Tammy Moscovich (MS2) and Alisha Pershad (MS2). While Tammy was raised in a Spanish-speaking family, Alisha’s interest in learning Spanish developed through school. Alisha sought to put her Spanish skills to use, and pursued official interpreter training to earn a certification. Through her SALUD teaching, Alisha hopes “to empower others” to combine their Spanish-speaking skills with patient care.

The curriculum used by SALUD comes from a Medical Spanish course from Boston University, which was adapted with permission by medical student Cecilia Velarde De La Via (MS3). The curriculum correlates to the system blocks students learn about in the Practice of Medicine course, and includes both vocabulary, sample patient interviews, and flash card decks. The Intermediate level class is “more conversational than technical,” according to Tammy, whereas the Advanced class focuses more on review.

Screenshot of phrases in Spanish and English suggested for patient interactions
Screenshot of a suggested script for interacting with Spanish-speaking patients

Are there SALUD success stories? Tammy and Alisha shared one: a current MS3 student who began Medical Spanish last year eager to practice her skills gained confidence through the classes. Now, in rotations, she feels more confident with her Spanish skills in working with patients. For Tammy, her time serving at Bridge to Care serves as a good refresher for vocabulary lessons. Then there are the finer points to learn when working with patients coming from different parts of the Spanish-speaking world, like the difference in terminology from one country to another, or learning the informal terms used by patients in a medical context, versus the clinical terms. Tammy commented that, “This is the word I use” is a valuable contribution to the Spanish lessons, helping to communicate the variations across borders. Alisha agrees, adding that classes are enriched by people bringing their individual experiences and sharing it.

The increased arrival of migrants to the DC area is something the GW Healing Clinic is experiencing via some of the patients coming through its doors. Alisha reported that there have been more patients arriving with acute conditions, adding that “it’s gratifying to facilitate the encounter, and help them recover.”

From the classroom to the exam room, SALUD is helping students increase their confidence in both bilingual encounters and collaborating with interpreters, while helping patients in the community access medical care that speaks their language.

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Map showing where in US teens were killed or injured in 2023 by guns

(Image Source: Gun Violence Archive, Charts and Maps)

Gun violence is a public health crisis in the United States. According to a July 2023 report from the Kaiser Family Foundation, which was based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER database, firearms were involved in more child deaths in 2020 and 2021 than any other cause (Matt McGough, Krutika Amin, & Nirmita Panchal, 2023). The United States has the highest rate of firearm mortality among children and teens compared to peer countries (U.S. has the highest rate of gun deaths for children and teens among peer countries, 2023).

The CDC data is useful, but there is a time lag associated with the availability of this data. For those looking to track the effects of gun violence in close to real-time, there is the nonprofit Gun Violence Archive (GVA). Media outlets, which rely on up-to-the-minute sources of data, have grown to depend on the detailed information about gun violence that is being continually compiled and updated by GVA for news reporting purposes.

While “gun violence” was established as a MeSH term only in 2019, GVA was established in 2013, by Mark Bryant and Michael Klein (Drenon, 2023). The GVA’s database contains gun violence incident reports collected from “over 7,500  law enforcement, media, government, and commercial sources daily in an effort to provide near-real-time data about the results of gun violence” (GVA, n.d.). GVA is unique, in that it is an independent data collection and research group with no affiliation with any advocacy organization.

Bryant, who runs the GVA from his home in Kentucky, might seem an unlikely founder of a research database on gun violence. As he told a BBC interviewer earlier this year, he began shooting at age five, and he has amassed a collection of guns passed along by family members. "Somebody has made the assumption that I'm doing this project that I must be against guns but lo and behold, I own guns," Bryant told the BBC, clarifying that his personal collection includes handguns, pistols, and revolvers – but no assault weapons. GVA initially began as a collaboration with Slate Magazine, because founder Bryant kept finding and reporting missing data in the daily tally of gun violence statistics that Slate began keeping following Sandy Hook (Matt Drange, 2016). GVA eventually emerged as an independent website with financial support from Michael Klein, founder of the now-defunct Sunlight Foundation, which strove to use civic technology, open data, policy analysis, and journalism in order to increase transparency and accountability in government and politics.

The GVA website is updated continuously, and an interactive map is associated with the incidents, the sources of which are included (typically local media reports). This searchable map includes statistics by date ranges on shootings including mass, accidental, officer-involved, child-involved, and fatal and non-fatal shootings from 2014-2022.

Opening screen of An Atlas of American Gun Violence data source

Data from the Gun Violence Archive underlies this interactive atlas of gun violence incidents in the United States, beginning with 2014 and current through the end of 2022. (Image source: The Trace, Gun Violence Archive)

Reports from GVA are available on a variety of topics, and can be exported as CSV documents or displayed as maps

References

Drange, Matt. (2016). The Kentucky gun owner who developed his own count of gun violence in the US. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/23/kentucky-gun-owner-gun-violence-archive-mark-bryant

Drenon, B. (2023). Mark Bryant counts US shootings. He no longer remembers the names. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65305145

McGough, Matt, Krutika Amin, Nirmita Panchal, and Cynthia Cox (2023). Child and teen firearm mortality in the U.S. and peer countries. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/issue-brief/child-and-teen-firearm-mortality-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/

U.S. has the highest rate of gun deaths for children and teens among peer countries. (2023). Press Release. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/press-release/u-s-has-the-highest-rate-of-gun-deaths-for-children-and-teens-among-peer-countries/

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Published on 2 Comments on Interview with Himmelfarb Library’s Cherry Blossom Photo Contest Winner: Jeffrey Kai

This spring, Healthy Living @ Himmelfarb sponsored its first Cherry Blossom Photo Contest, held in conjunction with the 2023 Annual Art Show. The photo contest is intended to celebrate the ephemeral beauty of cherry blossoms at the Tidal Basin, and entries highlighted the talents of our entire community – students, faculty, and staff. 

While it was difficult to select a winner, Jeffrey Kai (Accelerated BSN candidate, School of Nursing) impressed the judges with his photograph’s composition and colors. We asked Jeffrey to tell us a little bit about himself and how he got that winning shot. Shoutout to #GWNursing, and to all nurses in honor of National Nurses Week (May 6-12, 2023).

Photo by Jeffrey Kai. A blooming cherry blossom tree with Jefferson Memorial in the background, at sunrise.
Can you share your journey to GW Nursing?

I was serving in the United States Navy as a Hospital Corpsman when one of my fellow Sailors applied and got accepted to GW Nursing. At that point, I wanted to enhance my skills and knowledge in patient care as well, so I also applied and thankfully I got accepted, too! It took me about 5 years to prepare to get here, taking 1-2 prerequisite classes each semester while still serving in the military full-time. There were times when I was doing my class work online aboard a ship, or in the middle of the Arizona desert while doing military training. [Once I graduate,] I would like to give back by serving as a nurse to military service members, their families, and the veteran community.

How long have you been taking photographs, and what are your favorite subjects?

I have been taking photographs since high school, but I started putting more thought into it when I joined the Navy and traveled the world. I want to capture the beauty and essence of each of the places I've been to and share its magic with the rest of my friends and family near and far through social media. It's as if they were traveling with me, too. I grew up on the island of Saipan, which is part of the Northern Mariana Islands -- a U.S. territory. Not in my wildest dreams would I have thought I would be able to see all the world's amazing views! My favorite subjects are landmarks and vistas, like the National Mall and the National Parks, [such as] Zion, Sequoia, and Shenandoah.

How did you hear about the Cherry Blossom Photo Contest?

I frequently go to the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library website for nursing school resources, specifically the Lexicomp database. [On the homepage] I saw an announcement for the Cherry Blossom Photo Contest. Since I had already planned to check out the cherry blossoms once they reached peak bloom this year, I decided to get to sleep early the night before and drive to the National Mall at 5 a.m. I started walking around the Tidal Basin at 6 a.m., not only to walk around with fewer crowds, but also to capture what photographers call the "golden hour," which is a period of beautiful, soft natural light that makes subjects not overexposed or underexposed, and usually comes with a beautiful golden hue. I took pictures of the cherry blossoms with the Jefferson Memorial in the background, and voilà, the rest is history!

What is something that people on the Foggy Bottom campus should know about the Ashburn campus?

I am very honored to be representing the Ashburn campus with this recognition and I would say that my fellow Nursing students here at VSTC are some of the most resourceful, resilient, and dedicated people I have ever met in my professional career. We always find ways to help each other and the community around us. We also like to be involved and be part of the bigger GW community at every opportunity.
Jeffrey Kai, photo contest winner, with his prize GW cherry blossom mug.
Jeffrey Kai, 2023 Cherry Blossom Photo Contest Winner, at Himmelfarb Library to receive his prize.

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Get Naked, slogan from Melanoma Research Foundation.
#GetNaked campaign from the Melanoma Research Foundation

It’s nearly summer! When was your last skin check?

Malignant melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. For 2022, the American Cancer Society estimated nearly one hundred thousand new diagnoses of melanoma, making it the fifth most common type of cancer in the United States. Advances in melanoma treatment over the past decade have fortunately begun to make it a less deadly disease if caught early.

Melanoma is most often diagnosed by dermatologic exam and skin biopsy, but you can play a part in the early detection of melanoma by doing skin self-exams, and particularly noting any spots that meet the ABCDE guidelines:

  • A is for Asymmetry: One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.
  • B is for Border: The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred.
  • C is for Color: The color is not the same all over and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue.
  • D is for Diameter: The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (about ¼ inch – the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this.
  • E is for Evolving: The mole is changing in size, shape, or color.

While superficial spreading melanoma is the most commonly diagnosed type, there are numerous types of melanoma. Controlling ultraviolet exposure, including ceasing the use of tanning beds, is one action that can help to prevent melanoma from developing. However, childhood sun exposure remains an important risk factor in the development of the disease.

Acral lentiginous melanoma is most frequently diagnosed in patients with darker skin and those of Asian descent, and is most frequently found on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and under nails. It is not caused by sun exposure. The misconception that people of color cannot develop melanoma has led to delayed diagnosis of melanoma, which leads to poor outcomes for patients. Check out the Himmelfarb Library’s Diversity in Dermatology collection to explore dermatology resources which include representations of the full range of human skin tones.

Here at GW, two SMHS student dermatology interest groups are marking May with a couple of events focused on skin health. Learn2Derm will host an event on Saturday, May 13 from 2-5 p.m. at the Pennsylvania Avenue Baptist Church which will bring skin health topics, resources, and services to community members with limited access to dermatology. Students from GW, Howard University and Georgetown University will take part in this event.  This event will also feature a visit from the Skin Cancer Foundation's Destination Healthy Skin RV, which travels around the country providing free skin checks. Email learn2derm@gmail.com to volunteer to help out at this event!

Skin Health Fair event flyer. Details in text above.
Learn2Derm Skin Health Fair, 5/13/2023, 2-5 p.m., Pennsylvania Avenue Baptist Church

The Dermatology Interest group will support a nonprofit, IMPACT Melanoma, with a doubles tennis tournament at GW’s Mount Vernon campus on Saturday, May 20 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. This event, held  in conjunction with students from Georgetown University and Howard University, will raise funds for IMPACT Melanoma’s mission to bring education, sunscreen dispensers, and sun shelters to underserved communities.

Tennis tournament event announcement. Details in text above.
Serve Your Skin tennis tournament, 5/20/2023, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m., Vern Tennis Center at GW

Whether it's playing tennis for a cause, raising awareness about how to keep skin healthy, or just picking up the phone to make an appointment with a dermatologist, there are plenty of things you can do this month to take care of yourself and your community. When it comes to skin health, what's on the outside counts just as much as what's on the inside.

References:

Published on

Are you interested in examining how health and other news is being reported to television audiences? Are you interested in gaining a historical perspective on health topics through broadcast news? The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is a unique resource to help you do this. 

Screenshot of NBC news report from 1997, Tom Brokaw on warning about diet drug fen-phen.
Streaming content is available from CNN and NBC.

The archive, housed at Vanderbilt University, has been recording and indexing national nightly news broadcasts from the United States since August 5, 1968. Initially the news broadcasts recorded included only the “big three” networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC. With the creation of CNN and Fox News, additional news content was added to the archive. Broadcasts are indexed and made keyword searchable.

While not all news networks provide their streaming content to the archive, Vanderbilt has been able to reach agreements with two networks, CNN and NBC, to provide streaming content within the archive’s web interface. Where streaming video is available, there will be a link to play the content. 

You can search the archive by browsing for news from a particular date, going as far back as August 1968. Browsing by date reveals summaries of all the segments within that day’s broadcasts from all available networks. The summary shows the topic of the segment, its length, and lists the reporters for that segment.

Screenshot of news broadcast segments from June 3, 2020.
Browsing the archive by a specific date is one option.

Another interesting feature of the broadcast summary is that it details which products (including medications) were advertised during commercial breaks. Where streaming content is available, you can view those advertisements.

You can also search by keyword to produce a list of broadcast segments with relevant content, limiting by date range if desired:

Screenshot of a keyword search of the news archive for HIV, limiting to dates between 1979 and 1990.
Keyword searching the archive is another option.

For networks from which only an abstract of a broadcast is available, the information provided is robust enough to establish the content of the report, its length, and the interviews included:

Screenshot of summary of June 12, 1988 ABC Evening News report on AIDS conference. Anthony Fauci is interviewed.
Even when streaming content is unavailable, each segment is described in detail.

The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is a fascinating way to watch the evolution of health topics and other issues and events over time. This unique resource lets you explore, for example, the way in which HIV/AIDS was discussed in the earliest newscasts on the subject; trace media coverage of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, either via keyword search or browsing broadcasts by date; examine changes in the way medications were advertised on national television; and so much more.

Access to clips from the archive which are not available for streaming are generally assessed a loan fee, with full details available on the Request page. However, researchers located in the Washington, DC area can access full streaming content from the archive at the Library of Congress Moving Image Research Center. Appointments to use the facility are required, and can be made here.

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