Journal Articles (peer reviewed)

40. Wang, X.; Edwards, R.L.; Ball, Hl; Johnson, C.; Haymond, A.; Girma, M.; Manikkam, M.; Brothers, R.C.; McKay, K.T.; Arnett, S.D.; Osbourn, D.M.; Alvarez, S.; Boshoff, H.I.; Meyers, M.J.; Couch, R.D.; Odom John, A.R.; Dowd, C.S.* MEPicides: α,β-Unsaturated Fosmidomycin Analogs as DXR inhibitors against Malaria, J. Med. Chem., 2018, 61(19),8847–8858. PMID: 30192536

39. Wang, X.; Dowd, C.S.* The MEP pathway: Promising drug targets in the fight against tuberculosis, ACS Infectious Diseases, 2018, 4(3), 278-290. PMID: 29390176

38. Haymond, A.; Dowdy, T.; Johny, C.; Johnson, C.; Ball, H.; Dailey, A.; Schweibenz, B.; Villarroel, K.; Young, R.; Mantooth, C.J.; Patel, T.; Bases, J.; Dowd, C.S.; Couch, R.D. A High-Throughput Screening Campaign to Identify Inhibitors of DXP Reductoisomerase (IspC) and MEP Cytidylyltransferase (IspD), Anal. Biochem., 2018, 542, 63-75. PMID: 29180070

37. Wang, X.; Ahn, Y.M.; Lentscher, A.G.; Lister, J.S.; Brothers, R.C.; Kneen, M.M.; Boshoff, H.I.; Gerratana, B.; Dowd, C.S.* Design, synthesis, and evaluation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthetase inhibitors as potential antitubercular agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27(18), 4426-4430. PMID: 28827112

36. Edwards, R.L.; Brothers, R.C.; Wang, X.; Maron, M.I.; Ziniel, P.D.; Tsang, P.S.; Kraft, T.E.; Hruz, T.W.; Williamson, K.C.; Dowd, C.S.; Odom John, A.R. MEPicides: potent antimalarial prodrugs targeting isoprenoid biosynthesis, Sci Reports, 2017 Aug 21;7(1):8400. PMID: 28827774

35. San Jose; G.; Jackson, E.R.; Haymond, A.; Johny, C.; Edwards, R.; Wang, X.; Brothers, R.C.; Edelstein, E.; Odom, A.; Boshoff, H.I.; Couch, R.D.; Dowd, C.S.* Structure-Activity Relationships of the MEPicides: N-Acyl and O-linked Analogs of FR900098 as Inhibitors of Dxr from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Yersinia pestis, ACS Infectious Diseases, 2016, 2(12), 923-935. PMID: 27676224

34. Sooriyaarachchi, S.; Chofor, R.; Risseeuw, M.D.P.; Bergfors, T.; Pouyez, J.; Dowd, C.S.; Maes, L.; Wouters, J.; Jones, T.A.; Van Calenbergh, S.; Mowbray, S.L. Targeting an aromatic hotspot in Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase with b-arylpropyl-analogues of fosmidomycin, ChemMedChem, 2016, 11(18), 2024-2036. PMID: 27487410

33. Chofor, R.; Sooriyaarachchi, S.; Risseeuw, M.; Bergfors, T.; Pouyez, J.; Johny, C.; Haymond, A.; Everaert, A.; Dowd, C.S.; Maes, L.; Coenye, T.; Alex, A.; Couch, R.; Jones, T.; Wouters, J.; Mowbray, S.; Van Calenbergh, S. Synthesis and bioactivity of β- substituted fosmidomycin analogues targeting 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, J. Med. Chem., 2015, 58(7), 2988-3001. PMID: 25781377

32. Haymond, A.; Johny, C.; Dowdy, T.; Schweibenz, B.; Villarroel, K.; Young, R.; San Jose, G.; Jackson, E.R.; Dowd, C.S.; Couch, R.D. Kinetic Characterization and Allosteric Inhibition of the Yersinia pestis 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase (MEP Synthase), PLoS One, 2014, 9(8), e106243. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106243. PMID: 25171339

31. Ibekwe, N.N.; Nvau, J.B.; Oladosu, P.O.; Usman, A.M.; Ibrahim, K.; Boshoff, H.I.; Dowd, C.S.; Orishadipe, A.T.; Aiyelaagbe, O.; Adesomoju, A.A. Barry, 3rd, C.E.; Okogun, J.I. in collaboration with 73 Visited Herbalists. Some Nigerian Anti-Tuberculosis Ethnomedicines: A Preliminary Efficacy Assessment, J. Ethnopharmacology, 2014, 155(1), 524-532. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.059. PMID: 24911338

30. Chofor, R.; Risseeuw, M.D.P.; Pouyez, J.; Johny, C.; Wouters, J.; Dowd, C.S.; Couch, R.D.; Van Calenbergh, S. Synthesis and evaluation of fosmidomycin analogues with altered chelating moieties as inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, Molecules, 2014, 19, 2571-2587. doi:10.3390/molecules19022571. PMID: 24566322

29. Jackson, E.R.; San Jose, G.; Brothers, R.C.; Edelstein, E.K.; Sheldon, Z.; Haymond, A.; Johny, C.; Boshoff, H.I.; Couch, R.D.; Dowd, C.S.* The effect of chain length and unsaturation on Mtb Dxr inhibition and antitubercular killing activity of FR900098 analogs, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2014, 24(2), 649-653. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.067. PMID: 24360562

28. San Jose, G.; Jackson, E.R.; Uh, E.; Johny, C.; Haymond, A.; Lundberg, L.; Pinkham, C.; Kehn-Hall, K.; Boshoff, H.I.; Couch, R.D.; Dowd, C.S.* Design of Potential Bisubstrate Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5- Phosphate Reductoisomerase (Dxr)—Evidence of a Novel Binding Mode, MedChemComm, 2013, 4(7), 1099-1104. PMID: 23914289

27. McKenney, E.S.; Sargent, M.; Khan, H.; Couch, R.D.; Uh, E.; Jackson, E.R.; San Jose, G.; Dowd, C.S.; van Hoek, M.L. Lipophilic prodrugs of FR900098 are antimicrobial against Francisella novicida in vivo and in vitro and show GlpT independent efficacy, PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e38167. PMID: 23077474

26. Jackson, E.J.; Dowd, C.S.* Inhibitors of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr): A Review of the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Recent Inhibitors, Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 2012, 12, 706-728. PMID: 22283814

25. Gurumurthy, M.; Mukherjee, T.; Dowd, C.S.; Singh, R.; Niyomrattanakit, P.; Tay, J.; Nayyar, A.; Lee, Y.S.; Cherian, J.; Boshoff, H.I.; Dick, T.; Barry, 3rd, C.E.; Manjunatha, U.H. Substrate specificity of the Deazaflavin-Dependent Nitroreductase (Ddn) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Responsible for the Bioreductive Activation of Bicyclic Nitroimidazoles, FEBS J., 2012, 279(1), 113-125. doi: 10.1111/j.1742- 4658.2011.08404.x. PMID: 22023140

24. Uh, E.; Jackson, E.R.; San Jose, G.; Maddox, M.; Lee, R.E.; Lee, R.E.; Boshoff, H.I.; Dowd, C.S.* Antibacterial and antitubercular activity of fosmidomycin, FR900098, and their lipophilic analogs, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011, 21, 6973-6976; doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.123. PMID: 22024034

23. Bollo, S.; Nunez-Vergara, L.J.; Kang, S.; Zhang, L.; Boshoff, H.I.; Barry, III, C.E.; Squella, J.A.; Dowd, C.S.* The effect of 5-substitution on the electrochemical behavior and antitubercular activity of PA-824, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011, 21, 812-817. PMID: 21168331

22. Guendel, I.; Carpio, L.; Easley, R.; Van Duyne, R.; Coley, W.; Agbottah, E.; Dowd, C.; Kashanchi, F.; Kehn-Hall, K. 9-aminoacridine Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat Dependent Transcription, Virology Journal, 2009, 6, 114. PMID: 19630958

21. Kim, P.; Kang, S.; Boshoff, H.I.; Jiricek, J.; Collins, M.; Singh, R.; Manjunatha, U.H.; Niyomrattanakit, P.; Zhang, L.; Goodwin, M.; Dick, T.; Keller, T.H.; Dowd, C.S.*; Barry, III, C.E.* Structure-Activity Relationships of Antitubercular Nitroimidazoles. II. Determinants of aerobic activity and quantitative structure-activity relationships, J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1329-1344. PMID: 19209893

20. Kim, P.; Zhang, L.; Manjunatha, U.H.; Singh, R.; Patel, S.; Jiricek, J.; Keller, T.H.; Boshoff, H.I.; Barry, III, C.E.; Dowd, C.S.* Structure-activity relationships of antitubercular nitroimidazoles. I. Structural features associated with aerobic and anaerobic activities of 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles, J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1317-1328. PMID: 19209889

19. Singh, R.; Manjunatha, U.; Boshoff, H.I.M.; Ha, Y.H.; Niyomrattanakit, P.; Ledwidge, R.; Dowd, C.S.; Lee, I.Y.; Kim, P.; Zhang, L.; Kang, S.; Keller, T.H.; Jiricek, J.; Barry, III, C.E. PA-824 Kills Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Intracellular NO Release, Science, 2008, 322, 1392-1395. PMID: 19039139

18. Boshoff, H.I.M.; Xu, X.; Tahlan, K.; Dowd, C.S.; Pethe, K.; Camacho, L.R.; Park, T.-H.; Yun, C.-S.; Schnappinger, D.; Ehrt, S.; Williams, K.; Barry, III, C.E. Biosynthesis and recycling of nicotimamide cofactors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an essential role for NAD in non-replicating bacilli, J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 19329-19341. PMID: 18490451

17. Li, X.; Manjunatha, U.H.; Goodwin, M.B.; Knox, J.E.; Lipinski, C.; Keller, T.H.; Barry, III, C.E.; Dowd, C.S.* Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-(R)- and 7-(S)-methyl-2- nitro-6-(S)-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyloxy)-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines, analogues of PA-824, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008, 18, 2256-2262. PMID: 18358721

16. Wu, W.; Kehn-Hall, K; Pedati, C.; Zweier, L.; Castro, I.; Klase, Z.; Dowd, C.S.; Dubrovsky, L.; Bukrinsky, M.; Kashanchi, F. Drug 9AA reactivates p21/Waf1 and Inhibits HIV-1 Progeny Formation, Virology Journal 2008, 5, 41. PMID: 18348731

15. Goodwin, M.; Boshoff, H.I.; Barry, III, C.E.; Dowd C.S.* Quantification of small molecule organic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture supernatant using ion exclusion liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 2006, 20, 3345-3350. PMID: 17044117

14. Manjunatha, U.H.; Lahiri, R.; Randhawa, B.; Dowd, C.S.; Krahenbuhl, J.; Barry, III, C.E.; Mycobacterium leprae is naturally resistant to PA-824. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50, 3350-3354. PMID: 17005816

13. Kim, P.; Barry, III, C.E.; Dowd, C.S.* Novel route to 5-position vinyl derivatives of thiolactomycin: olefination vs. deformylation. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 3447-3451. PMID: 16699591

12. Manjunatha, U.H.; Boshoff, H.I.; Dowd, C.S.; Zhang, L.; Albert, T.J.; Norton, J.E.; Pang, S.S.; Dick, T.; Daniels, L.; Barry, III, C.E. Identification of a nitroimidazo-oxazine-specific protein involved in PA-824 resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006, 103, 431-436. PMID: 16387854

11. Kim, P.; Zhang, Y.M.; Shenoy, G.; Nguyen, Q.A.; Boshoff, H.I.; Manjunatha, U.H.; Goodwin, M.; Lonsdale, J.; Price, A.C.; Miller, D.J.; Duncan, K.; White, S.W.; Rock, C.O.; Barry, III, C.E.; Dowd, C.S.* Structure-activity relationships at the 5-position of thiolactomycin: an intact (5R)-isoprene unit is required for activity against the condensing enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 159-171. PMID: 16392800

10. Shenoy, G.; Kim, P.; Goodwin, M.; Nguyen, Q.–A.; Barry, 3rd, C.E.; Dowd, C.S.* Synthesis and spectroscopic differentiation of 2- and 4-alkoxythiotetronic acids. Heterocycles 2004, 63, 519-527. PMID: 16733529

9. Barry, 3rd, C.E.; Boshoff, H.I.M.; Dowd, C.S. Prospects for clinical introduction of nitroimidazole antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. Curr. Pharmaceutical Des. 2004, 10, 3239-3262. PMID: 15544513

8. Cherukuri, A.; Carter, R.; Brooks, S.; Bornmann, W.; Finn, R.; Dowd, C.S.; Pierce, S.K. B cell signaling is regulated by induced palmitoylation of CD81. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 31973-31982. PMID: 15161911

7. Domenech, P.; Reed, M.B.; Dowd, C.S.; Manca, C.; Kaplan, G.; Barry, 3rd, C.E. The role of MmpL8 in sulfatide biogenesis and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 21257-21265. PMID: 15001577

6. Dowd, C.S.; Leavitt, S.; Babcock, G.; Godillot, A.P.; Van Ryk, D.; Canziani, G.A.; Sodroski, J.; Freire, E.; Chaiken, I.M. b-Turn Phe in HIV-1 Env binding site of CD4 and CD4 mimetic miniprotein enhances Env binding affinity but is not required for activation of co-receptor/17b site. Biochemistry 2002, 41, 7038-7046. PMID: 12033937

5. Li, C.†; Dowd, C.S.†; Zhang, W.; Chaiken, I.M. Phage randomization in a charybdotoxin scaffold leads to CD4-mimetic recognition motifs that bind HIV-1 envelope through non- aromatic sequences. J. Peptide Res. 2001, 57, 507-518. PMID: 11437954 †contributed equally

4. Dowd, C.S.; Zhang, W.; Li, C.; Chaiken, I.M. From receptor recognition mechanisms to bioinspired mimetic antagonists in HIV-1/cell docking. J. Chromatography B 2001, 753, 327-335. PMID: 11334348

3. Rangisetty, J.B.; Dukat, M.; Dowd, C.S.; Herrick-Davis, K.; DuPre, A.; Gadepalli, S.; Teitler, M.; Kelley, C.R.; Sharif, N.A.; Glennon, R.A. 1-[2-Methoxy-5-(3-phenylpropyl)]-2- aminopropane unexpectedly shows 5-HT2A serotonin receptor affinity and antagonist character. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 3283-3291. PMID: 11563927

2. Dowd, C.S.; Herrick-Davis, K.; Egan, C.; DuPre, A.; Smith, C.; Teitler, M.; Glennon, R.A. 1-[4-(3-Phenylalkyl)phenyl]-2-aminopropanes as 5-HT2A partial agonists. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 3074-3084. PMID: 10956215

1. Teitler, M.; Schieck, C.; Howard, P.; Sullivan, J.E., III; Iwamura, T.; Glennon, R.A. 5- HT2A serotonin receptor binding: a preliminary structure-affinity investigation. Med. Chem. Res. 1997, 7, 207-218. (Note: Name spelled Scheick in published article.)

*corresponding author

Book/Chapter

C.S. Dowd and L.B. Kier, editors and principal authors, The Chemistry and Physics of Drugs Used in Anesthesia, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Park Ridge, IL, 2014.

H.I. Boshoff and C.S. Dowd. Chemical Genetics: an evolving toolbox for target identification and lead optimization, In Applications of functional genomics and systems biology to the development of anti-infectives, H.I. Boshoff and C.E. Barry III, Eds.; Progress in Drug Research Series, Birkhäuser Publishing Ltd.; Cambridge, MA, 2007.

L.B. Kier and C.S. Dowd, editors and principal authors. The Chemistry of Drugs for Nurse Anesthetists, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Park Ridge, IL, 2004.

I.M. Chaiken; S.-J. Wu; C. Plugariu; W. Zhang; C. Li; C.S. Dowd. Convergence of Recombinant Mutagenesis and Kinetics Interaction Analysis for Revealing Receptor Recognition Mechanisms and Designing Receptor Ligands, In Thermodynamics of Drug- Receptor Interactions, R. Raffa, Ed.; John Wiley & Sons; New York, 2001.

Patents and patent applications