U.S. Oil Companies, the Nigerian Civil War, and the Origins of Opacity in the Nigerian Oil Industry (2012) illustrates how actors with different agendas under unique historical conditions worked to enshroud Nigerian oil policy in opacity throughout the period of the civil war in Nigeria, often viewing that opacity as a stabilizing force.
Klieman, Kairn A. “U.S. Companies, the Nigerian Civil War, and the Origins of Opacity in the Nigerian Oil Industry.” Journal of American History, vol. 99, iss. 1 (2012), 155-165.